According to prominent models in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and economics,
effort (be it physical or mental) is costly: when given a choice, humans and non-human …

Apathy and anhedonia are common syndromes of motivation that are associated with a wide
range of brain disorders and have no established therapies. Research using animal models …

Metacognition is the ability to reflect on our own cognition and mental states. It is a critical
aspect of human subjective experience and operates across many hierarchical levels of …

Background Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) describes cognitive dysfunction in the
absence of an organic cause. It is increasingly prevalent in healthcare settings yet its key …

From a gym workout, to deciding whether to persevere at work, many activities require us to
persist in deciding that rewards are 'worth the effort'even as we become fatigued. However …

The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dmPFC/dACC) is a brain
area subject to many theories and debates over its function (s). Even its precise anatomical …

Operant behavior is not only regulated by factors related to the quality or quantity of
reinforcement, but also by the work requirements inherent in performing instrumental …

The trade-off between reward and effort is at the heart of most behavioral theories, from
ecology to economics. Compared to reward, however, effort remains poorly understood …

Inflammatory cytokines have been shown to have a direct effect on mesolimbic dopamine
(DA) that is associated with a reduced willingness to expend effort for reward. To date …

Apathy is a core symptom in patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia
(bvFTD). It is defined by the observable reduction in goal-directed behaviour, but the …