Conifers are long‐lived organisms, and part of their success is due to their potent defense
mechanisms. This review focuses on bark defenses, a front line against organisms trying to …

This article addresses the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type. While
theoretically settled long ago as being different aspects of coal systems science, the two …

Tree resistance can be enhanced by a variety of biotic and abiotic inducers, including
nonpathogenic and pathogenic microbes, and herbivores, resulting in enhanced protection …

Conifers are the dominant trees over huge areas worldwide and include many species of
great economic and ecological importance. Some conifer species, particularly members of …

The ecological literature abounds with studies of environmental effects on plant
antiherbivore defences. While various models have been proposed (eg plant stress, optimal …

Wounding of Norway spruce by inoculation with sterile agar, or agar containing the
pathogenic fungus Ceratocystis polonica, induced traumatic resin duct formation in the stem …

Application of 100 mmol/L methyl jasmonate (MJ) to the intact bark of 30‐yr‐old Norway
spruce induced anatomical reactions related to defense. Within 30 d, a single MJ treatment …

Conifers have evolved different chemical and anatomical defences against a wide range of
antagonists. Resin ducts produce, store and translocate oleoresin, a complex terpenoid …

The anatomical response of Norway spruce bark polyphenolic parenchyma cells (PP cells)
to inoculation with the phytopathogenic fungus Ceratocystis polonica and attack by its bark …

The Austrian pine/Sphaeropsis sapinea pathosystem was tested as a model to study the
secondary metabolism of both localized and systemically induced defense responses in …