In general, there are only a few vaccines administered via mucosal routes, as the mucosal
immune system presents numerous hurdles, including diversity in mucosal surface structure …

The earliest known route of vaccination was respiratory, by intranasal insufflation of
powdered scab material containing variola virus from smallpox patients, reportedly practiced …

Cochleates, calcium-stabilized membrane rolls of nanoscale diameter, promise a unique
and efficient way of delivering lipid-soluble drugs, proteins or nucleic acids into biological …

Vaccination remains the most cost-effective method for preventing infectious diseases. Key
to vaccine design is the development of immunological memory, which is an essential …

Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, a sporulated Gram+ bacterium that produces a
potent neurotoxin. Parenteral vaccines produce protective tetanus antitoxin (anti TT) IgG in …

El tétanos es causado por Clostridium tetani, bacteria Gram+ esporulada que produce una
potente neurotoxina. Las vacunas parenterales producen IgG antitoxina tetánica (anti TT) …