Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a persistent public health concern throughout
the world. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a common comorbidity that can worsen …

Opioids are excellent analgesics for the clinical treatment of various types of acute and
chronic pain, particularly cancer-related pain. Nevertheless, it is well known that opioids …

Opioids are the most widely used analgesics and therefore have often been the focus of
pharmacological research. Macrophages are the most plastic cells in the hematopoietic …

Both bacteria product flagellin and macrophages are implicated in HIV-1 infection/disease
progression. However, the impact of their interaction on HIV-1 infection and the associated …

Drug withdrawal elicits immune responses that contribute to the development of withdrawal
symptoms and relapse. The understanding of the immunologic dynamics after drug …

This paper is the forty-second consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …

Commonly misused substances such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and
opioids suppress immune responses and may impact viral pathogenesis. In recent years …

HIV persists in cellular reservoirs despite effective anti-retroviral therapy with rebound of
viremia upon therapy interruption. Opioids modulate the immune system and suppress …

Opioids are excellent analgesics for the clinical management of a wide range of acute and
chronic pain, especially cancer-related pain. Opioids are known to have some serious side …

Background: In the United States, the illicit use of synthetic opioids such as fentanyl has led
to a serious public health crisis. Synthetic opioids are known to enhance viral replication and …