While neuroimaging studies typically collapse data from many subjects, brain functional
organization varies between individuals, and characterizing this variability is crucial for …

This review evaluates the efficacy of using physical exercise interventions on improving
cognitive functions in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or attention deficit …

Linear mixed-effect models (LMMs) are being increasingly widely used in psychology to
analyse multi-level research designs. This feature allows LMMs to address some of the …

In a number of scientific fields, researchers need to assess whether a variable has changed
between two time points. Average-based change statistics (ABC) such as Cohen's d or Hays' …

Disorder and noise are inherent in biological systems. They are required to provide systems
with the advantages required for proper functioning. Noise is a part of the flexibility and …

The current empirical paradigm for psychological research is criticized because it ignores
the irreversibility of psychological processes, the infinite number of influential factors, the …

Digital twins are computer programs that use real-world data to create simulations that
predict the performance of processes, products, and systems. Digital twins may integrate …

Variability of neural activity is regarded as a crucial feature of healthy brain function, and
several neuroimaging approaches have been employed to assess it noninvasively. Studies …

Typically, in education and psychology research, the investigator collects data and
subsequently performs descriptive and inferential statistics. For example, a researcher might …

Empirical tests of Schwartz's theory of culture-level value priorities have predominantly been
performed using an averaging approach–as values of the average individual in a culture …