HIV-1 develops specific mutations within its genome that allow it to escape detection by
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted immune responses, notably those of CD8+ …

An effective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine is expected to have the
greatest impact on HIV-1 spread and remains a global scientific priority. Only one candidate …

Presentation of short peptides, produced through intracellular proteolysis, by MHC class I
molecules (MHC-I) is the basis of adaptive immune surveillance and responses by cytolytic …

Background Viruses can evade immune surveillance, but the underlying mechanisms are
insufficiently understood. Here, we sought to understand the mechanisms by which natural …

The already enormous burden caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Human
Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) alone is aggravated by co-infection. Despite obvious …

Pathogen-driven selection and past interbreeding with archaic human lineages have
resulted in differences in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-allele frequencies between …

In the large majority of cases, HIV infection is established by a single variant, and
understanding the characteristics of successfully transmitted variants is relevant to …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell responses to a single optimal 10-
mer epitope (KK10) in the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) protein p24Gag are …

The presentation of virus-derived peptides by MHC molecules constitutes the earliest
signals for immune recognition by T cells. In HIV infection, immune responses elicited during …

Differences among hosts, resulting from genetic variation in the immune system or
heterogeneity in drug treatment, can impact within-host pathogen evolution. Genetic …