Abstract The MAVEN Solar Wind Electron Analyzer (SWEA) is a symmetric hemispheric
electrostatic analyzer with deflectors that is designed to measure the energy and angular …

Abstract The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM)–Hope Probe–was developed to understand
Mars atmospheric circulation, dynamics, and processes through characterization of the Mars …

Observations of the Mars upper atmosphere made from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile
Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft have been used to determine the loss rates of gas from the …

The habitability of the surface of any planet is determined by a complex evolution of its
interior, surface, and atmosphere. The electromagnetic and particle radiation of stars drive …

The origin and evolution of Venus', Earth's, Mars' and Titan's atmospheres are discussed
from the time when the active young Sun arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence. We show …

To assess Mars' potential for both harboring life and providing useable resources for future
human exploration, it is of paramount importance to comprehend the water situation on the …

The evolution and escape of the martian atmosphere and the planet's water inventory can
be separated into an early and late evolutionary epoch. The first epoch started from the …

Photochemical escape of atomic oxygen is thought to be one of the dominant channels for
Martian atmospheric loss today and played a potentially major role in climate evolution …

Two of the primary goals of the MAVEN mission are to determine how the rate of escape of
Martian atmospheric gas to space at the current epoch depends upon solar influences and …

The presence or absence of a magnetic field determines the nature of how a planet interacts
with the solar wind and what paths are available for atmospheric escape. Magnetospheres …