Highlights•Tryptophan follows three metabolic fates: incorporation into proteins, production
of indoles, and breakdown into kynurenine.•IDO1 is an endogenous mechanism of …

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential dietary amino acid that, unless otherwise committed to
protein synthesis, undergoes metabolism via the Tryptophan-Kynurenine (TRP-KYN) …

The efficacious detection of pathogens and prompt induction of innate immune signaling
serve as a crucial component of immune defense against infectious pathogens. Over the …

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite causing toxoplasmosis, a common disease,
which is most typically asymptomatic. However, toxoplasmosis can be severe and even fatal …

Abstract Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)
are immune checkpoints induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the tumor microenvironment …

Highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 is known aetiological factor for COVID-19. Here, we have
demonstrated that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein can interact with …

Innate immunity acts as the first line of defense against pathogen invasion. During
Toxoplasma gondii infection, multiple innate immune sensors are activated by invading …

Myeloid cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, represent an important first line of
defense against infections. Upon recognition of pathogens, these cells undergo a metabolic …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite with wide-ranging and
significant roles in the cell. Defects in NAD+ metabolism have been associated with many …

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is prevalent in 90 countries, and yet no licensed
human vaccine exists against it. Toward control of leishmaniasis, we have developed …