BACKGROUND: Thioredoxin systems, involving redox active thioredoxins and thioredoxin
reductases, sustain a number of important thioredoxin-dependent pathways. These systems …

Diverse functions of eukaryotic cells are optimized by organization of compatible chemistries
into distinct compartments defined by the structures of lipid-containing membranes …

Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) participates in the regulation of redox reactions in organisms.
It works mainly via its substrate molecule, thioredoxin, to maintain the redox balance and …

Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)-as part of a major thiol regulating system-allows redox
metabolism to adjust to cellular requirements. Therefore, changes at the redox level reflect …

Two distinct thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase systems are present in the cytosol and the
mitochondria of mammalian cells. Thioredoxins (Txn), the main substrates of thioredoxin …

Shikonin, a major active component of the Chinese herbal plant Lithospermum
erythrorhizon, has been applied for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. Although …

The selenoprotein thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are attractive targets for anticancer drugs
development. Xanthohumol (Xn), a naturally occurring polyphenol chalcone from hops, has …

Proteins with oxidizable thiols are essential to many functions of cell nuclei, including
transcription, chromatin stability, nuclear protein import and export, and DNA replication and …

Thioredoxin reductases (TRs) are important redox regulatory enzymes, which control the
redox state of thioredoxins. Mammals have cytosolic and mitochondrial TRs, which contain …

The thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) isoenzymes, TrxR1 in cytosol or nucleus and TrxR2 in
mitochondria, are essential mammalian selenocysteine (Sec)-containing flavoenzymes with …