Executive summary As of May 31, 2022, there were 6· 9 million reported deaths and 17· 2
million estimated deaths from COVID-19, as reported by the Institute for Health Metrics and …

Emerging evidence supports a link between environmental factors—including air pollution
and chemical exposures, climate, and the built environment—and severe acute respiratory …

Effective policies to halt biodiversity loss require knowing which anthropogenic drivers are
the most important direct causes. Whereas previous knowledge has been limited in scope …

Chapter 2, building on prior assessments, provides a global assessment of the observed
impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems …

Observational knowledge of the epidemic intensity, defined as the number of deaths divided
by global population and epidemic duration, and of the rate of emergence of infectious …

During recent decades, pathogens that originated in bats have become an increasing public
health concern. A major challenge is to identify how those pathogens spill over into human …

We are part of Nature, not separate from it. We rely on Nature to provide us with food, water
and shelter; regulate our climate and disease; maintain nutrient cycles and oxygen …

Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of humans caused by pathogens that are shared
between humans and other vertebrate animals. Previously, pristine natural areas with high …

The rapid global spread and human health impacts of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes
COVID-19, show humanity's vulnerability to zoonotic disease pandemics. Although …

The outbreak of COVID-19 raised numerous questions on the interactions between the
occurrence of new infections, the environment, climate and health. The European Union …