The T lymphocyte, especially its capacity for antigen-directed cytotoxicity, has become a
central focus for engaging the immune system in the fight against cancer. Basic science …

Although T lymphocytes have long been appreciated for their role in the immunosurveillance
of cancer, it has been the realization that cancer cells may ultimately escape a response …

Early preclinical evidence provided the rationale for programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and
programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade as a potential form of cancer immunotherapy …

The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway has received considerable attention
due to its role in eliciting the immune checkpoint response of T cells, resulting in tumor cells …

Improved understanding of the immune system and its role in cancer development and
progression has led to impressive advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy over the …

Abstract PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of immune checkpoint inhibitors as front-line
treatment of multiple types of cancer. However, the serious immune-related adverse …

Abstract Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors provide a survival advantage over conventional
therapies for treatment of advanced or metastatic cancer. However, the factors determining …

The advent of immune checkpoint‐inhibitors (CPI) has transformed treatment for several
cancer types. This review was performed to assess the rate of adverse events (AEs) …

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are standard treatments for advanced non-
small cell lung cancer and have expanded use in small cell lung cancer. Although generally …

Currently, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies that target the programmed cell
death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have been used as revolutionary cancer treatments in the clinic …