Aims Since its emergence in early 2020, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reached pandemic levels …

Caroline Gordon1, 2, 3, Maame-Boatemaa Amissah-Arthur1, Mary Gayed1, 3, Sue Brown4,
Ian N. Bruce5, 6, David D'Cruz7, Benjamin Empson8, Bridget Griffiths9, David Jayne10, 11 …

More than 2,000,000 individuals worldwide have had coronavirus 2019 disease infection
(COVID-19), yet there is no effective medical therapy. Multiple off-label and investigational …

For copies of this document, please contact the Elsevier Inc. Reprint Department (reprints@
elsevier. com). Permissions: Multiple copies, modification, alteration, enhancement, and/or …

Background: Antimalarial drugs (AMs), chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ),
are frequently withdrawn in patients with lupus with either severe or remitting disease …

Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by excessive proliferation
and apoptosis resistance in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Objective: We …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease that affects
various organs. Lupus nephritis is one of the most common, and most important, serious …

There are consistent differences in cardiovascular state between acute illness in malaria
and recovery that prolong the electrocardiographic QT interval and have been …

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are still used for the prevention and treatment of
malaria. Moreover, they are experiencing a renaissance in the long-term therapy of …

Although chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and quinacrine were originally developed for the
treatment of malaria, these medications have been used to treat skin disease for over 50 …