Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems are present in most prokaryote genomes. Toxins are almost
exclusively proteins that reduce metabolism (but do not cause cell death), and antitoxins are …

Persisters refer to genetically drug susceptible quiescent (non-growing or slow growing)
bacteria that survive in stress environments such as antibiotic exposure, acidic and …

Bacterial persister cells are phenotypic variants that exhibit a transient non-growing state
and antibiotic tolerance. Here, we provide in vitro evidence of Staphylococcus aureus …

Persisters represent a small subpopulation of non-or slow-growing bacterial cells that are
tolerant to killing by antibiotics. Despite their prominent role in the recalcitrance of chronic …

Antibiotic failure not only is due to the development of resistance by pathogens but can also
often be explained by persistence and tolerance. Persistence and tolerance can be included …

Persister and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells are two clonal subpopulations that can
survive multidrug exposure via a plethora of putative molecular mechanisms. Here, we …

Many bacterial pathogens can permanently colonize their host and establish either chronic
or recurrent infections that the immune system and antimicrobial therapies fail to eradicate …

Disinfection technologies, especially light-based disinfection, have undergone tremendous
development and innovation, but this treatment can cause bacteria to enter viable but …

Stress is ubiquitous for bacteria and can convert a subpopulation of cells into a dormant
state known as persistence, in which cells are tolerant to antimicrobials. These cells revive …

Periodically, a scientific field should examine its early premises. For ubiquitous
toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems, several initial paradigms require adjustment based on …