In ecological systems, the fear of predation risk may assert privilege to the prey species by
restricting their exposure to potential predators, and also impose costs by constraining the …

The importance of fear, refuge and additional food is being increasingly recognized in recent
studies, but their combined effects need to be explored. In this paper, we investigate the joint …

Classical predator–prey models usually emphasize direct predation as the primary means of
interaction between predators and prey. However, several field studies and experiments …

In ecology, the predator's impact goes beyond just killing the prey. In the present work, we
explore the role of fear in the dynamics of a discrete-time predator-prey model where the …

In this paper, we consider a nonlinear ratio-dependent prey–predator model with constant
prey refuge in the prey population. Both Allee and fear phenomena are incorporated …

Intraguild predation, the most fundamental mechanism in food webs with three species, is a
mix of competition and predation in which two species that are participating in a predator …

Different species in the environment compete with one another for shared resources and
suitable habitats. As a result, it becomes crucial to identify the essential components …

In this paper, we investigate the combined effects of fear, prey refuge and additional food for
predator in a predator–prey system with Beddington type functional response. We observe …

In ecology, predator–prey interactions are very complex in nature. Apart from direct killing,
predator induces fear among their prey which affects the life-history, behavioral changes …

Recent studies on terrestrial vertebrates have unveiled a correlation between fear of
predators and a reduction in anti-predator defenses, leading to a significant decline in prey …