All organisms have a stress response system to cope with environmental threats, yet its
precise form varies hugely within and across individuals, populations, and species. While …

The causes and consequences of individual differences in animal behavior and stress
physiology are increasingly studied in wild animals, yet the possibility that stress physiology …

Glucocorticoids hormones (GC s) are intuitively important for mediation of age‐dependent
vertebrate life‐history transitions through their effects on ontogeny alongside underpinning …

Fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions exist in almost all habitats (Dunlap, Loros, &
DeCoursey, 2004; Stevenson et al., 2015). Some fluctuations like the alternation between …

Glucocorticoid hormones are important regulators of metabolic processes, and of the
behavioral and physiological responses to stressors. Within-population variation in …

A fundamental element of how vertebrates respond to stressors is by rapidly elevating
circulating glucocorticoid hormones. Individual variation in the magnitude of the …

Experimental glucocorticoid (GC) manipulations can be useful for identifying the
mechanisms that drive life‐history and fitness variation in free‐living animals, but predicting …

An aspect of life history that has seen increasing attention in recent years is that of strategies
for financing the costs of offspring production. These strategies are often described by a …

One of the most comprehensively studied responses to stressors in vertebrates is the
endogenous production and regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs). Extensive laboratory …

Over the past two decades, studies of songbird populations have detected decreases in the
reproductive success of individuals living in urban areas. Anthropogenic noise is considered …