We present a comprehensive overview of the neurobiology of unipolar major depression
and antidepressant drug action, integrating data from affective neuroscience, neuro-and …

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been associated with the flexible control of behavior
and concepts such as behavioral inhibition, self-control, and emotional regulation. These …

Confidence judgments are a central example of metacognition—knowledge about one's
own cognitive processes. According to this metacognitive view, confidence reports are …

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is an evolutionarily conserved brain region, well known for
valence processing. Despite this central role, the relationship between activity of BLA …

Punishment involves learning about the relationship between behavior and its adverse
consequences. Punishment is fundamental to reinforcement learning, decision-making and …

Because pain signals potential harm to the organism, it immediately attracts attention and
motivates decisions and action. However, pain is also subject to motivations—an aspect that …

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is thought to control a wide range of reward, punishment,
and uncertainty-related behaviors. However, how it does so is unclear. Here, in a Pavlovian …

Several neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with abnormal decision-making involving
risk of punishment, but the neural basis of this association remains poorly understood …

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), medial frontal cortex (MFC), and amygdala mediate stimulus–
reward learning, but the mechanisms through which they interact are unclear. Here, we …

Although choice is often unitary on theoretical accounts, there is much empirical evidence
that decisions are produced by multiple, cooperating or competing neural and psychological …