The Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) technique in the Near Vertical Incidence Skywave
(NVIS) propagation mode poses a challenge due to the ionosphere's dynamic behavior. The …

The development of a digital high‐frequency (HF) radio communication system requires an
ionospheric channel model from the channel impulse response (CIR) measurement …

This paper presents the signal strength measurement of the 4G network for an outdoor
environment. The signal strength is measured at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) at …

For designing a digital High Frequency (HF) radio communication system in the skywave
propagation mode, Delay spread and Doppler spread are the fundamental parameters of …

Salah satu komunikasi yang digunakan sebagai alternatif komunikasi darurat adalah
komunikasi radio High Freqeuncy (HF). Untuk itu diperlukan informasi keterbukaan kanal …

Solar activity has a major influence on the condition of the ionosphere layer which causes
the characteristics of the ionosphere layer to change every time. This will certainly have an …

High Frequency (HF) radio is a radio wave that works at frequencies of 3 to 30 MHz with
wavelengths of 100 to 10 m, some of the mountainous areas and islands are still classified …