Auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) is generated at high latitudes and can propagate down to
low latitudes. Due to the lack of direct observations, the characteristics of AKR in the middle …

Auroral substorm expansion is characterized by initial brightening of aurora, followed by a
bulge expanding in all directions, and a westward traveling surge (WTS). On the basis of the …

A substorm is a transient phenomenon that lasts for only 1–2 h. One significant manifestation
of the substorm is a sudden brightening of the aurora on the nightside. Simultaneously, the …

North‐south asymmetries arise in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system when a significant
east‐west (By) component is present in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). During such …

In this chapter we consider the nature and origin of dawn‐dusk asymmetries in the
ionospheric convection pattern. We focus on asymmetries that are introduced via solar wind …

The B y component of the magnetic field inside the magnetosphere is positively correlated
with the B y component of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). This leads to asymmetries …

The concept of the inter‐hemispheric magnetic conjugacy was investigated by comparing
the conjugate points in the northern and southern hemispheres using the Tsyganenko T02 …

Simultaneous eastward and westward traveling surges were observed at Tjörnes, Iceland,
and Syowa station, Antarctica, respectively. Several remarkable differences were …

Acceleration of energetic ions is one of the drastic and common phenomena in the near‐
Earth plasma sheet during the expansion phase of substorms. When a magnetic field line is …

A substorm is a transient phenomenon that lasts for only 1–2 h. One significant manifestation
of the substorm is a sudden brightening of the aurora on the nightside. Simultaneously, the …