Spasticity is considered an important neural contributor to muscle hypertonia in children with
cerebral palsy (CP). It is most often treated with antispasticity medication, such as Botulinum …

Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) has been used for over 25 years in the management of
pediatric lower and upper limb hypertonia, with the first reports in 1993. The most common …

Aim Lack of muscle growth relative to bone growth may be responsible for development of
contractures in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Here, we used ultrasonography to …

Aim If increased muscle stiffness and contractures in children with cerebral palsy (CP) are
related to impaired muscle growth, reduced muscle growth should precede or coincide with …

Background Increased resistance in muscles and joints is an important phenomenon in
patients with cerebral palsy (CP), and is caused by a combination of neural (eg spasticity) …

After spinal cord injury (SCI), the majority of individuals develop spasticity, a debilitating
condition involving involuntary movements, co-contraction of antagonistic muscles, and …

Neuroscience has fundamentally changed the understanding of learning and memory within
recent years. Here, the authors discuss a number of specific areas where they believe new …

Aim The aim of this study was to systematically review the current literature to determine the
impact of strength training on skeletal muscle morphology and architecture in individuals …

Hyper-resistance at the joint is one of the most common symptoms in children with cerebral
palsy (CP). Alterations to the structure and mechanical properties of the musculoskeletal …

The first years of life represent an important phase of maturation of the central nervous
system, processing of sensory information, posture control and acquisition of the locomotor …