The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During
wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while …

Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs have revolutionized the
treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD). However, many …

The human retina contains three types of glial cells: microglia and two types of macroglia,
astrocytes and Müller cells. Macroglia provide homeostatic and metabolic support to …

Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different
compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes …

Malignant gliomas are devastating tumours that frequently kill patients within 1 year of
diagnosis. The major obstacle to a cure is diffuse invasion, which enables tumours to …

According to the traditional understanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology, the
majority of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles, the …

Müller cells are one of the primary glial cell types found in the retina and play a significant
role in maintaining retinal function and health. Since Müller cells are the only cell type to …

Müller glia are the major glial component of the retina. They are one of the last retinal cell
types to be born during development, and they function to maintain retinal homeostasis and …

Breakdown of the inner endothelial blood-retinal barrier (BRB), as occurs in diabetic
retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, uveitis and other …

Müller cells, the major type of glial cells in the retina, are responsible for the homeostatic and
metabolic support of retinal neurons. By mediating transcellular ion, water, and bicarbonate …