The bottom-up construction of a living cell using non-living materials represents a grand
challenge in science and technology. Reproduction of cells into similar offspring is key to …

Active coacervate droplets are liquid condensates coupled to a chemical reaction that turns
over their components, keeping the droplets out of equilibrium. This turnover can be used to …

The aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is an all-aqueous system fabricated from two
immiscible aqueous phases. It is spontaneously assembled through physical liquid-liquid …

Coacervates are a type of liquid–liquid phase separated (LLPS) droplets that can serve as
models of membraneless organelles (MLOs) in living cells. Peptide–nucleotide coacervates …

Based on the online method, the absorption kinetics and mass transfer of CO 2 in potassium
carbonate solution in a serpentine minichannel are studied. Three flow patterns are …

To create cell-like synthetic systems, spatial confinement that is stable against
environmental changes and selective uptake of diverse biomolecules into these …

Synthetic protocells are minimal systems that mimic certain properties of natural cells and
are used to research the emergence of life from a nonliving chemical network. Currently …

Recent advances in droplet microfluidics have led to the fabrication of versatile vesicles with
a structure that mimics the cellular membrane. These artificial cell-like vesicles including …

Biomolecules localize and function in microenvironments where their local concentration,
spatial organization, and biochemical reactivity are regulated. To compartmentalize and …

One aspect of the study of the origins of life focuses on how primitive chemistries assembled
into the first cells on Earth and how these primitive cells evolved into modern cells …