Although considered an inactive state for centuries, sleep entails many active processes
occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. Over the last decade, several key …

Sleep is a fundamental biological process observed widely in the animal kingdom, but the
neural circuits generating sleep remain poorly understood. Understanding the brain …

INTRODUCTION Sleep homeostasis, the balance between the duration of sleep and
wakefulness, is a fundamental feature of the sleep-wake cycle. During wakefulness, sleep …

The mammalian basal forebrain (BF) has important roles in controlling sleep and
wakefulness, but the underlying neural circuit remains poorly understood. We examined the …

Humans have been fascinated by sleep for millennia. After almost a century of scientific
interrogation, significant progress has been made in understanding the neuronal regulation …

The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) is known to relay noxious information to the
amygdala for processing affective responses. However, it is unclear whether the LPBN …

Wakefulness, along with fast cortical rhythms and associated cognition, depend on the basal
forebrain (BF). BF cholinergic cell loss in dementia and the sedative effect of anti-cholinergic …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is an important component of the natural sleep/wake
cycle, yet the mechanisms that regulate REM sleep remain incompletely understood …

The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and
GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local …

Even modest sleep restriction, especially the loss of sleep slow wave activity (SWA), is
invariably associated with slower electroencephalogram (EEG) activity during wake, the …