Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent disease with a progression that is modulated
by the immune system. Systemic therapy is used in the advanced stage and until 2017 …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling controls multiple cell fate decisions during
development and tissue homeostasis; hence, dysregulation of this pathway can drive …

HCC is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and the third leading cause of cancer‐
related death globally. HCC comprises nearly 90% of all cases of primary liver cancer …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a crucial enforcer of immune homeostasis and
tolerance, inhibiting the expansion and function of many components of the immune system …

Angiogenesis is a double-edged sword; it is a mechanism that defines the boundary
between health and disease. In spite of its central role in physiological homeostasis, it …

Cancer immunotherapy (CIT) with antibodies targeting the programmed cell death 1 protein
(PD-1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis have changed the standard of care in …

Background: Lenvatinib is the first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, but
prognosis is still unsatisfactory. Recently, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), and …

Background Recently, therapeutic antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and
its ligand (PD-L1) have exerted potent anticancer effect in a variety of tumors. However …

Importance For more than a decade, sorafenib has been the only systemic treatment option
for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, rapid progress over …

Presence of TGFβ in the tumor microenvironment is one of the most relevant cancer immune-
escape mechanisms. TGFβ is secreted in an inactive form, and its activation within the tumor …