The degeneracy of amino acid coding is one of the most crucial and enigmatic aspects of the
genetic code. Different theories about the origin of the genetic code have been developed …

In 1996, a common trinucleotide circular code, called X, is identified in genes of eukaryotes
and prokaryotes (Arquès and Michel, 1996). This circular code X is a set of 20 trinucleotides …

Circular codes, putative remnants of primeval comma-free codes, have gained considerable
attention in the last years. In fact they represent a second kind of genetic code potentially …

Small circular RNAs occur in many cells. Theoretical considerations designed to mimick
primordial RNAs designed 25 theoretical, minimal 22-nucleotide long circular RNAs (RNA …

In 1996, a set X of 20 trinucleotides was identified in genes of both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes which has on average the highest occurrence in reading frame compared to its …

In 1996, a set X of 20 trinucleotides is identified in genes of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
which has in average the highest occurrence in reading frame compared to the two shifted …

In 1996, a trinucleotide circular code X is identified in genes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
(Arquès and Michel, 1996). In 2012, X motifs are identified in the transfer RNA (tRNA) Phe …

The C 3 self-complementary circular code X identified in genes of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes is a set of 20 trinucleotides enabling reading frame retrieval and maintenance, ie …

The origin of the genetic code represents one of the most challenging problems in molecular
evolution. The genetic code is an important universal feature of extant organisms and …

Mitochondrial genes code for additional proteins after+ 2 frameshifts by reassigning stops to
code for amino acids, which defines overlapping genetic codes for overlapping genes …