Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm. It is a
state of out-of-control release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines. The molecular …

Renal tubules are the major component of the kidney and are vulnerable to a variety of
injuries including hypoxia, proteinuria, toxins, metabolic disorders, and senescence. It has …

Significance: Intrarenal oxidative stress plays a critical role in the initiation and progression
of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Enhanced oxidative stress results from overproduction of …

The action of transforming-growth-factor (TGF)-β following inflammatory responses is
characterized by increased production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, as well as …

In patients with renal diseases characterized by proteinuria, the initial insult to the kidney is
usually followed by a progressive decline in the glomerular filtration rate. This decline has …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a profibrotic cytokine found in chronic renal
diseases, which initiates and modulates a variety of pathophysiological processes. It is …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) isoforms are multifunctional cytokines that play a
central role in wound healing and in tissue repair. TGF-β is found in all tissues, but is …

Diabetes mellitus contributes greatly to morbidity, mortality, and overall health care costs. In
major part, these outcomes derive from the high incidence of progressive kidney dysfunction …

Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by renal hypertrophy, thickening of basement
membranes, and accumulation of extracellular matrix in the glomerular mesangium and the …

The transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-βs) are synthesized as precursor proteins that
are modified intracellularly prior to secretion. One of the most relevant intracellular …