The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mammals include c-Jun NH 2-terminal
kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These enzymes …

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in
Parkinson's disease (PD). Disruptions in the physiologic maintenance of the redox potential …

DJ-1 protein has multiple specific mechanisms to protect dopaminergic neurons against
neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Wild type DJ-1 can acts as oxidative stress …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by dopaminergic neuronal death in the substantia nigra,
resulting in a reduced level of dopamine in the striatum. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common cause of neurodegeneration. Over the
last two decades, various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the etiology of PD …

Parkinson disease (PD) is known as a common progressive neurodegenerative disease
which is clinically diagnosed by the manifestation of numerous motor and nonmotor …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by progressive neurodegeneration of dopaminergic
(DAergic) neurons with abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in substantia nigra (SN) …

DJ-1 was first identified as an oncogene. More recently, mutations in its gene have been
found causative for autosomal recessive familial Parkinson disease. Numerous studies …

Mitochondrial dysfunction may play a crucial role in various diseases due to its roles in the
regulation of energy production and cellular metabolism. Serine/threonine kinase (AKT) is a …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder involving a complex interplay between a
variety of genetic and environmental factors. In this scenario, mitochondrial impairment and …