Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are protein transport nanomachines that are found in
Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and symbionts. Resembling molecular syringes, T3SSs …

Bacteria have evolved a remarkable array of sophisticated nanomachines to export various
virulence factors across the bacterial cell envelope. In recent years, considerable progress …

The bacterial flagellum is a helical filamentous organelle responsible for motility. In bacterial
species possessing flagella at the cell exterior, the long helical flagellar filament acts as a …

A sudden decrease in pressure triggers the formation of vapour and gas bubbles inside a
liquid medium (also called cavitation). This leads to many (key) engineering problems …

The bacterial flagellar motor is a supramolecular protein machine that drives rotation of the
flagellum for motility, which is essential for bacterial survival in different environments and a …

One of the most exciting developments in the field of bacterial pathogenesis in recent years
is the discovery that many pathogens utilize complex nanomachines to deliver bacterially …

The flagellum and the injectisome are two of the most complex and fascinating bacterial
nanomachines. At their core, they share a type III secretion system (T3SS), a transmembrane …

Type III protein secretion systems have specifically evolved to deliver bacterially encoded
proteins into target eukaryotic cells. The core elements of this multi-protein machine are the …

The bacterial flagellum is a reversible rotary motor powered by an electrochemical-potential
difference of specific ions across the cytoplasmic membrane. The H+-driven motor of …

Bacterial type III secretion machines are widely used to inject virulence proteins into
eukaryotic host cells. These secretion machines are evolutionarily related to bacterial …