In many solid tumor types, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important
components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Moreover, TAMs infiltration is strongly …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant, nearly accounting for 30–50% of
stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. TAMs exhibit an immunosuppressive M2-like …

Intercellular communication is a critical process that ensures cooperation between distinct
cell types and maintains homeostasis. EVs, which were initially described as cellular debris …

Over the past decade, the study of metabolic abnormalities in cancer cells has risen
dramatically. Cancer cells can thrive in challenging environments, be it the hypoxic and …

Immunotherapy has made significant strides in cancer treatment, particularly through
immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which has shown notable clinical benefits across …

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), one type of non-coding RNA, were initially misinterpreted as
nonfunctional products of pre-mRNA mis-splicing. Currently, circRNAs have been proven to …

Tumor cells metastasize to distant organs through a complex series of events that are driven
by tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In particular, non-malignant stromal cells, including …

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that regulate the migration of immune cells.
Chemokines function as cues for the coordinated recruitment of immune cells into and out of …

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among women. Although endocrine therapy
is effective, the development of endocrine resistance is a major clinical challenge. The tumor …

Purpose Hypoxia (low oxygen) is a common feature of solid tumors that has been intensely
studied for more than six decades. Here we review the importance of hypoxia to …