Uncertainty has long been of interest to economists and psychologists and has more
recently gained attention among ecologists. In the ecological world, animals must regularly …

In the natural environment, animals can face potentially dangerous and often regular
exposure to major environmental fluctuations such as flash flooding and drought, or the …

Animal signalling systems outside the realm of human perception remain largely
understudied. These systems consist of four main components: a signalling context, a …

Anti-predator behaviours in response to predator cues can be innate, or they can be learned
through prior experience and remembered over time. The duration and strength of continued …

Carabid beetles are common inhabitants of agricultural fields where they encounter a variety
of food options-including prey and weed seeds. The feeding behaviors of carabids are often …

For animals to survive until reproduction, it is crucial that juveniles successfully detect
potential predators and respond with appropriate behavior. The recognition of cues …

Simple Summary A lack of adequate refuge, even in the absence of predators, can alter the
metabolism, levels of corticosteroids, growth and behavior in various groups of animals …

Inducible morphological defences are crucial for understanding predator–prey interactions.
Such defences have been mostly studied in a single‐predator context, ignoring the fact that …

Through time, the activity patterns, morphology, and development of both predators and prey
change, which in turn alter the relative vulnerability of prey to their coexisting predators …

Living with a diverse array of predators provides a significant challenge for prey to learn and
retain information about each predator they encounter. Consequently, some prey respond to …