Exosomes are nanoparticles secreted by all cell types and are a large component of the
broader class of nanoparticles termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). Once secreted …

Chitosan has many desirable attributes eg antimicrobial properties and promoting wound
healing, and is used in various applications. This article first discusses how degree of …

Appearance of alveolar protein-rich edema is an early event in the development of acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Alveolar edema in ARDS results from a significant …

The lung is the organ with the highest vascular density in the human body. It is therefore
perceivable that the endothelium of the lung contributes significantly to the circulation of …

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a multifunctional nuclear protein, exists mainly within
the nucleus of all mammal eukaryotic cells. It is actively secreted by the necrotic cells as a …

Endothelial cells (ECs) are a heterogeneous population that fulfills many physiological
processes. ECs also actively participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses …

Membrane microparticles are submicron fragments of membrane shed into extracellular
space from cells under conditions of stress/injury. They may be distinguished from other …

Background Microvesicles (MVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication,
packaging a variety of molecular cargo. They have been implicated in the pathophysiology …

Recently, red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (RBCEVs) have attracted attention for
clinical applications because of their safety and biocompatibility. RBCEVs can escape …

Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, microparticles, and apoptotic bodies, are
phospholipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles that have once been considered as cell debris …