Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals
to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency‐dependent learning. However …

Pterins are one of the major sources of bright coloration in animals. They are produced
endogenously, participate in vital physiological processes and serve a variety of signalling …

Warning signals are a striking example of natural selection present in almost every
ecological community–from Nordic meadows to tropical rainforests, defended prey species …

Mimicry rings are communities of mimetic organisms that are excellent models for ecological
and evolutionary studies because the community composition, the nature of the species …

In order to understand molecular and genetic mechanism of color pattern formation, not only
adult phenotypes but also processes and mechanisms of color production and pattern …

Preserved melanin pigments have been discovered in fossilised integumentary appendages
of several amniote lineages (fishes, frogs, snakes, marine reptiles, non‐avialan dinosaurs …

How easy a plant is to find, or its apparency, is thought to shape plant defenses. Recent
meta‐analyses suggest that the types of plant defenses employed are not well‐predicted by …

Albinism is a conspicuous and distinctive phenotype arising from the absence of melanin in
the integument that has been documented in all major vertebrate groups. With few …

Highly reflective crystals of small organic molecules are the functional materials in a wide
variety of optical systems in animals. We present a perspective on this field of organic …

Unprofitable prey with conspicuous warning signals are often mimicked by other species,
which then gain protection from predators. How closely two mimetic species resemble one …