Insects are an important and probably the most challenging pest to control in agriculture, in
particular when they feed on belowground parts of plants. The application of synthetic …

This review focuses on common insecticidal virulence factors from entomopathogenic
bacteria with special emphasis on two insect pathogenic bacteria Photorhabdus …

Tc toxins were originally identified in entomopathogenic bacteria, which are important as
biological pest control agents. Tc toxins are heteromeric exotoxins composed of three …

ABC toxins are pore-forming virulence factors produced by pathogenic bacteria. YenTcA is
the pore-forming and membrane binding A subunit of the ABC toxin YenTc, produced by the …

Tc toxin complexes are virulence factors of many bacteria, including insect and human
pathogens. Tc toxins are composed of three subunits that act together to perforate the host …

The human pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica strain W22703 is characterized by its toxicity
towards invertebrates that requires the insecticidal toxin complex (Tc) proteins encoded by …

ABC toxin complexes are a class of protein toxin translocases comprised of a multimeric
assembly of protein subunits. Each subunit displays a unique composition, contributing to …

The Yersinia pestis PhoPQ gene regulatory system is induced during infection of the flea
digestive tract and is required to produce adherent biofilm in the foregut, which greatly …

Background The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, is prevalent worldwide, will parasitize
animal reservoirs of plague, and is associated with human habitations in known plague foci …

Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, emerged as a fleaborne pathogen only within
the last 6,000 years. Just five simple genetic changes in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis …