A majority of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are asymptomatic and self-resolving in
the absence of medical interventions. Various innate and adaptive immune responses, as …

Poxviruses (PXVs) are mostly known for the variola virus, being the cause of smallpox;
however, re-emerging PXVs have also shown a great capacity to develop outbreaks of pox …

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is a physical barrier against pathogens.
However, breach of the skin barrier through wounding introduces a myriad of microbes to …

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild
boars caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), with a mortality rate of up to 100%. In …

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus within the
Poxviridae family which can cause a zoonotic infection. The unexpected non-endemic …

The senescence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) plays a crucial role in the development
and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Exosomes, small spherical bilayer …

Interferons (IFN) are key cytokines with multifaceted antiviral and cell-modulatory properties.
Three distinct types of IFN are recognized (I–III) based on structural features, receptor usage …

Migration of leukocytes to the site of microbial infection is important for the development of
effective host immunity. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara is frequently used as a …

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious, often fatal viral disease caused by African
swine fever virus (ASFV), which imposes a substantial economic burden on the global pig …

The VACV replication cycle is remarkable in the sense that it is performed entirely in the
cytoplasmic compartment of vertebrate cells, due to its capability to encode enzymes …