Abstract Calcium–calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is the most
abundant protein in excitatory synapses and is central to synaptic plasticity, learning and …

Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long
been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and …

Multimodal astrocyte–neuron communications govern brain circuitry assembly and function.
For example, through rapid glutamate release, astrocytes can control excitability, plasticity …

Gene transcription is the process by which the genetic codes of organisms are read and
interpreted as a set of instructions for cells to divide, differentiate, migrate, and mature. As …

Noradrenaline released from the locus coeruleus (LC) is a ubiquitous neuromodulator,,–that
has been linked to multiple functions including arousal,,–, action and sensory gain,–, and …

Recent studies have shown that neuronal representations gradually change over time
despite no changes in the stimulus, environment, or behavior. However, such …

Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity has since long been proposed to represent the
subcellular substrate of learning and memory, one of the most important behavioral …

The right hemispheric lateralization of face recognition, which is well documented and
appears to be specific to the human species, remains a scientific mystery. According to a …

Sleep is universal, tightly regulated, and many cognitive functions are impaired if we do not
sleep. But why? Why do our brains need to disconnect from the environment for hours every …

This article highlights specific features of biological neurons and their dendritic trees, whose
adoption may help advance artificial neural networks used in various machine learning …