Resilience and robustness are exciting concepts for policy researchers. Their broad use in
other disciplines has motivated social scientists and policy researchers to adopt them in …

Policy instruments are a fundamental component of public policies. Policy instruments are
often a result of mediation within the policy design process, whenever decision makers …

Management tools are often argued to ameliorate public service performance. Indeed,
evidence has emerged to support positive outcomes related to the use of management tools …

Agencies consult extensively with stakeholders such as industry associations,
nongovernmental organizations, and trade unions. One rationale for consultations is that …

To design regulatory policies, agencies depend on information from the industries they are
tasked to regulate. Therefore, agencies can organise consultations with the aim of obtaining …

In this contribution, we bring together two strands of research that have so far existed side by
side: the scholarship on policy design and the literature on policy implementation. Designing …

The last decades have witnessed a significant shift in policy competences away from central
governments in Europe. The reallocation of competences spans over three dimensions …

In this introductory chapter, we explain how the study of policy learning has evolved to the
point where it is today, and show how the contributions to the volume provide empirical and …

Consultation is a policy instrument geared toward stakeholder engagement in the
formulation of primary and secondary legislation. It ensures certain categories of actors can …

Stakeholder engagement is thought to increase the legitimacy of independent regulatory
agencies (IRAs). However, there is little research on how IRAs use the information that …