Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) exist in almost all tissues and participate in tissue
regeneration and homeostasis. In-vitro-expanded MSCs are employed as therapeutics for …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

Exposure of lipopolysaccharide triggers macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization
accompanied by metabolic reprogramming, characterized by elevated aerobic glycolysis …

The pro-inflammatory state of macrophages, underpinned by their metabolic condition, is
essentially affecting their capacity of combating tumor cells. Here we find, via a pooled …

The study of innate immunity and its link to inflammation and host defense encompasses
diverse areas of biology, ranging from genetics and biophysics to signal transduction and …

The inflammatory response involves the activation of several cell types to fight insults
caused by a plethora of agents, and to maintain the tissue homoeostasis. On the one hand …

Lactate accumulation is a hallmark of solid cancers and is linked to the immune suppressive
phenotypes of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. We report herein that interleukin-4 (IL-4) …

Mitochondria are critical for regulation of the activation, differentiation, and survival of
macrophages and other immune cells. In response to various extracellular signals, such as …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation induces inflammatory responses in macrophages by
activating temporally defined transcriptional cascades. Whether concurrent changes in the …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the
transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and …