increase in ratio of angiotensin II AT2 to AT1 receptor subtypes). Some of these switches,
such as the increased expression of the slow myosin ATPase isoform-myosin heavy chain …

Swynghedauw, Bernard. Molecular Mechanisms of Myocardial Remodeling. Physiol. Rev.
79: 215–262, 1999.—“Remodeling” implies changes that result in rearrangement of …

Remodeling of large and small arteries contributes to the development and complications of
hypertension. The focus of this review is some of the mechanisms involved in the …

1. Introduction markedly increases with age [1] yet most models of hypertension and heart
failure only use young adult rats. Animals have been used by humans for centuries to …

Apoptosis has been observed previously in hearts subjected to either continuous ischemia
or ischemia followed by reperfusion. The purpose of this study was to compare the timing …

Several studies report that blood pressure is increased in victims of Alzheimer's disease
(AD) decades before the onset of the disease. Years before onset of Alzheimer's disease …

Pressure overload induces cardiac growth in the rat, which implies the hypertrophy of
cardiac muscle cells and proliferation of nonmuscle cells. The cardiac cell loss observed in …

Significant numbers of myocytes die by apoptosis during myocardial infarction. The
molecular mechanism of this process, however, remains largely unexplored. To facilitate a …

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is recognized, increasingly, as a contributing cause of
cardiac myocyte loss with ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, and long …

Background Proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are two
important components of atherosclerosis, restenosis, and hypertension. Although reactive …