Reversible silencing of neuronal activity is a powerful approach for isolating the roles of
specific neuronal populations in circuit dynamics and behavior. In contrast with neuronal …

Advancements in neurotechnologies for electrophysiology, neurochemical sensing,
neuromodulation, and optogenetics are revolutionizing scientific understanding of the brain …

INTRODUCTION The drive to seek and experience reward is conserved across species and,
in mammals, involves interactions between subcortical dopaminergic systems and limbic …

A longstanding goal in neuroscience has been to image membrane voltage across a
population of individual neurons in an awake, behaving mammal. Here we describe a …

Despite the increasing use of optogenetics in vivo, the effects of direct light exposure to brain
tissue are understudied. Of particular concern is the potential for heat induced by prolonged …

Optogenetics allows manipulations of genetically and spatially defined neuronal populations
with excellent temporal control. However, neurons are coupled with other neurons over …

The advent of powerful perturbation tools, such as optogenetics, has created new frontiers
for probing causal dependencies in neural and behavioral states. These approaches have …

Identification of the cellular players and molecular messengers that communicate neuronal
activity to the vasculature driving cerebral hemodynamics is important for (1) the basic …

Optogenetics is increasingly used to map brain activation using techniques that rely on
functional hyperaemia, such as opto-fMRI. Here we test whether light stimulation protocols …

Brain perturbation studies allow detailed causal inferences of behavioral and neural
processes. Because the combination of brain perturbation methods and neural …