Bio-based polymers are a class of polymers made by living organisms, a few of them known
and commercialized yet. Due to poor mechanical strength and economic constraints, they …

Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used raw material in extrusion-based three-
dimensional (3D) printing (fused deposition modeling, FDM approach) in many areas since …

Bone defects stand out as one of the greatest challenges of reconstructive surgery. Fused
deposition modelling (FDM) allows for the printing of 3D scaffolds tailored to the morphology …

The employment of tissue engineering scaffolds in the reconstruction of the damaged bone
tissues has shown remarkable promise since they significantly facilitate the healing process …

Biodegradable polymers play a pivotal role in in situ tissue engineering. Utilizing various
technologies, researchers have been able to fabricate 3D tissue engineering scaffolds using …

The tremendous interest received by additive manufacturing (AM) within the biomedical
community is a consequence of the great versatility offered in terms of processing approach …

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a devastating and complicated disease with an
unclear etiology. Femoral head‐preserving surgeries have been devoted to delaying and …

Biopolymers-induced immune microenvironment exhibited prominent effects on bone
regeneration. Osteo-immunomodulatory responses of cellulose nanoparticles incorporated …

Osteochondral defects are caused by injury to both the articular cartilage and subchondral
bone within skeletal joints. They can lead to irreversible joint damage and increase the risk …

Abstract 3D printing (3DP) processes have evolved from simple prototyping for visual
inspection purposes to functional product manufacturing that offers flexibility, customization …