Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

Climate change has multiple effects on Baltic Sea species, communities and ecosystem
functioning through changes in physical and biogeochemical environmental characteristics …

Understanding the cumulative effects of multiple stressors is a research priority in
environmental science. Ecological models are a key component of tackling this challenge …

Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and
coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are strongly affected by human activities. A multitude of …

Abstract The Baltic Sea is essential for marine ecosystem services (MES) provision and the
region's socio-economic dynamics. It is considered one of the busiest and most polluted …

The planktonic realm from bacteria to zooplankton provides the baseline for pelagic aquatic
food webs. However, multiple trophic levels are seldomly included in time series studies …

We assess the ecosystem services across the entire Baltic Sea using ecosystem model
simulations and historical socio-economic data. Our approach covers 150 years, aggregated …

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an important tool for management and conservation and
play an increasingly recognised role in societal and human well-being. However, the …

Persistently high marine temperatures are escalating and threating marine biodiversity. The
Baltic Sea, warming faster than other seas, is a good model to study the impact of increasing …

Assessing and mapping ecosystem services (ES) became an integral part of coastal and
marine management practices. Hence, quantitative and validated approaches are lacking …