Mathematical modeling has always been one of the most potent tools in predicting the
behavior of dynamic systems in biology. In this regard, we aim to study a three-species prey …

In this paper we analyze a three level trophic chain model, considering a logistic growth for
the lowest trophic level, a Lotka–Volterra and Holling type II functional responses for …

In this paper, we consider a fractional order prey predator model with a prey and two
predator species with the group defense capability. In this model, we use the Holling-IV …

In this work, a tritrophic food chain model has been proposed by incorporating Ivlev-like
nonmonotonic functional response, where prey is equipped with defense ability. We have …

An attempt has been made to understand the role of top predator interference and gestation
delay on the dynamics of a three species food chain model involving intermediate and top …

Prey can defend themselves against predators in many different ways. Some prey can even
be dangerous to predators. Such prey posses morphological structures or behavioral …

Defense mechanisms are very important to all animal life. Predators in every biome must eat
to survive. With predators being top on the food chain and always on the lookout for a meal …

Group defense is a phenomenon that occurs in many predator–prey systems. Different
functional responses with substantially different properties representing such a mechanism …

Empirical studies have shown that animals often focus on short-term benefits under
conditions of predation risk, which increases the likelihood that they will co-operate with …

In this paper, we investigate the impact of fear on a food chain mathematical model with prey
refuge and harvesting. The prey species reproduces by to the law of logistic growth. The …