Background The insulin-like growth factor family of ligands (IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin),
receptors (IGF-IR, M6P/IGF-IIR, and insulin receptor [IR]), and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 …

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) bind specifically to the IGF1 receptor on the cell surface of
targeted tissues. Ligand binding to the α subunit of the receptor leads to a conformational …

Measures of selective constraint on genes have been used for many applications, including
clinical interpretation of rare coding variants, disease gene discovery and studies of genome …

Abstract This Consensus Statement summarizes recommendations for clinical diagnosis,
investigation and management of patients with Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS), an …

Growth hormone (GH) research and its clinical application for the treatment of growth
disorders span more than a century. During the first half of the 20th century, clinical …

Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1–6 bind IGFs but not insulin with high
affinity. They were initially identified as serum carriers and passive inhibitors of IGF actions …

Children born small for gestational age (SGA), defined as a birth weight and/or length
below− 2 SD score (SDS), comprise a heterogeneous group. The causes of SGA are …

The discovery of the growth hormone (GH)-mediated somatic factors (somatomedins),
insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and-II, has elicited an enormous interest primarily among …

Abstract This International Consensus Guideline was developed by experts in the field of
small for gestational age (SGA) of 10 pediatric endocrine societies worldwide. A consensus …

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system comprises two ligands, IGF-I and IGF-II, that
regulate multiple physiological processes, including mammalian development, metabolism …