I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

Contributing Authors Isam Alobid, MD, PhD1, Nithin D. Adappa, MD2, Henry P. Barham,
MD3, Thiago Bezerra, MD4, Nadieska Caballero, MD5, Eugene G. Chang, MD6, Gaurav …

Surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D are hydrophilic, collagen-containing calcium-dependent
lectins, which appear to have a range of innate immune functions at pulmonary as well as …

The mucosal lining of the upper airways represents the outer surface of the body to the
ambient air and its contents and is prepared for it as the first line of defense. Apart from the …

There has been considerable investigation of host-microbial interactions in patients with
chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in hopes of elucidating mechanisms of disease and better …

Animal Lectins: Form, Function and Clinical Applications presents up-to-date knowledge of
animal lectins. Detailed descriptions on biological activities, tissue and/or subcellular …

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disorder of the
paranasal sinuses. An abnormal host response to common bacterial or fungal pathogens is …

Studying the pathophysiology of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) has proved
challenging. While this clinical entity is easily distinguishable based on the clinical criteria …

Research in immunology has brought great progress in knowledge of inflammatory
processes in the last 2 decades, which also has an impact on the upper airways. Our …

Nine types of biocontaminants in damp indoor environments from microbial growth are
discussed:(1) indicator molds;(2) Gram negative and positive bacteria;(3) microbial …