Hyperammonemia resulting from inherited urea cycle enzyme deficiencies or liver failure
results in severe central nervous system dysfunction including brain edema, convulsions …

Hyperammonemia can be caused by various acquired or inherited disorders such as urea
cycle defects. The brain is much more susceptible to the deleterious effects of ammonium in …

Iron dyshomeostasis is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) alongside β-amyloid and tau
pathologies. Despite the recent discovery of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form cell death …

Mechanisms involved in hepatic encephalopathy still remain to be defined. Nonetheless, it is
well recognized that ammonia is a major factor in its pathogenesis, and that the astrocyte …

For over 20 years, numerous investigations have focused on elucidating the function of the
peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). This relatively small protein (18kDa) arouses …

Glutamine synthetase (GS) in brain is located mainly in astrocytes. One of the primary roles
of astrocytes is to protect neurons against excitotoxicity by taking up excess ammonia and …

Glutamine (Gln) is found abundantly in the central nervous system (CNS) where it
participates in a variety of metabolic pathways. Its major role in the brain is that of a …

Elevated levels of ammonia in blood and brain result in derangement of cerebral function.
Recently, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress have been implicated in ammonia …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and portal–systemic encephalopathy (PSE) are the terms
used interchangeably to describe a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that occurs in both acute and
chronic liver failure. Although the precise pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for HE …