In Parkinson disease (PD), pathological processes and neurodegeneration begin long
before the cardinal motor symptoms develop and enable clinical diagnosis. In this prodromal …

In patients with Parkinson's disease, heterogeneous cholinergic system changes can occur
in different brain regions. These changes correlate with a range of clinical features, both …

Many of the motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD) can be preceded, sometimes for
several years, by non-motor symptoms that include hyposmia, sleep disorders, depression …

Neurodegenerative diseases are a common cause of morbidity and cognitive impairment in
older adults. Most clinicians who care for the elderly are not trained to diagnose these …

Dementia is increasingly being recognized in cases of Parkinson's disease (PD); such cases
are termed PD dementia (PDD). The spread of fibrillar α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology from …

In the long-term, with progression of the illness, Parkinson's disease dementia affects up to
90% of patients with Parkinson's disease. With increasing life expectancy in western …

Background Formulas were developed to define tremor dominant (TD) and postural
instability/gait difficulty (PIGD) phenotypes of Parkinson's Disease (PD) using the Movement …

Background Prognosis in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains poorly understood due to a lack
of unbiased data on the natural history of treated PD. The CamPaIGN study has been the …

Importance It is increasingly evident that Parkinson disease (PD) is not a single entity but
rather a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder. Objective To evaluate available …

Cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease is gaining increased clinical
significance owing to the relative success of therapeutic approaches to the motor symptoms …