Mutational processes driving genome evolution and heterogeneity contribute to immune
evasion and therapy resistance in viral infections and cancer. APOBEC3 (A3) enzymes …

Abstract The APOBEC3 (A3) proteins are host antiviral cellular proteins that hypermutate the
viral genome of diverse viral families. In retroviruses, this process requires A3 packaging …

The evolutionary conflict between retroviruses and their vertebrate hosts over millions of
years has led to the emergence of cellular innate immune proteins termed restriction factors …

Human APOBEC3G (A3G) is a virus restriction factor that inhibits HIV-1 replication and
triggers lethal hypermutation on viral reverse transcripts. HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) …

An emerging mechanism of ubiquitylation involves partnering of two distinct E3 ligases. In
the best-characterized E3-E3 pathways, ARIH-family RING-between-RING (RBR) E3s ligate …

Abstract Human APOBEC3 (A3) cytidine deaminases are antiviral factors that are
particularly potent against retroviruses. As a countermeasure, HIV-1 uses a viral infectivity …

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) are retroviruses that replicate effectively in human
CD4+ cells and cause the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) …

HIV-1 Vif recruits host cullin-RING-E3 ubiquitin ligase and CBFβ to degrade the cellular
APOBEC3 antiviral proteins through diverse interactions. Recent evidence has shown that …

The ubiquitin–proteasome system plays an important role in the cell under normal
physiological conditions but also during viral infections. Indeed, many auxiliary proteins from …

The transmission of viruses from animal hosts into humans have led to the emergence of
several diseases. Usually these cross-species transmissions are blocked by host restriction …