Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have received substantial attention due
to their capabilities for understanding and generating human language. While there has …

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly evolved from text-based systems to
multimodal platforms, significantly impacting various sectors including healthcare. This …

Large language models (LLMs) have the potential to transform digital healthcare, as
evidenced by recent advances in LLM-based virtual doctors. However, current approaches …

Clinical trials are indispensable for medical research and the development of new
treatments. However, clinical trials often involve thousands of participants and can span …

As a cornerstone of modern information access, search engines have become
indispensable in everyday life. With the rapid advancements in AI and natural language …

Developing effective biomedical retrieval models is important for excelling at knowledge-
intensive biomedical tasks but still challenging due to the deficiency of sufficient publicly …

Foundation model, which is pre-trained on broad data and is able to adapt to a wide range
of tasks, is advancing healthcare. It promotes the development of healthcare artificial …

Artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLMs) in healthcare require advanced
clinical skills (CS), yet current benchmarks fail to evaluate these comprehensively. We …

The environmental impact of large language models (LLMs) in medicine spans carbon
emission, water consumption and rare mineral usage. Prior‐generation LLMs, such as GPT …

The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised
concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated …