Efferent circuits within the nervous system carry nerve impulses from the central nervous
system to sensory end organs. Vestibular efferents originate in the brainstem and terminate …

Most animals begin controlling their posture, or orientation with respect to gravity, at an early
stage in life. Posture is vital for locomotor function. Even animals like fish, which are capable …

Maintaining balance after an external perturbation requires modification of ongoing motor
plans and the selection of contextually appropriate muscle activation patterns that respect …

Mature vertebrates maintain posture using vestibulospinal neurons that transform sensed
instability into reflexive commands to spinal motor circuits. Postural stability improves across …

Axon guidance molecules (AGM) are critical regulators of neural development and play a
vital role in guiding axons to their target regions during spinal cord development. The correct …

Detection of motion is a feature essential to any living animal. In vertebrates,
mechanosensory hair cells organized into the lateral line and vestibular systems are used to …

Friedreich Ataxia (FRDA) is a genetic disease caused by an expended GAA repeat in the
FXN gene leading to a reduction in frataxin protein production. Frataxin is an essential …

During development, the organization of the auditory system into distinct functional
subcircuits depends on the spatially and temporally ordered sequence of neuronal …

Unraveling the inner workings of neural circuits entails understanding the cellular origin and
axonal pathfinding of various neuronal groups during development. In the embryonic …

The r4-derived territory is located in the pontine region of the brainstem, forming a wedge-
shaped slice that broadens from the choroidal roof to the ventral midline. R4-derived …