Increasing evidence suggests that the clinical effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation are
target dependent. Within any given symptom, precise targeting of specific brain circuits may …

Historically, pathological brain lesions provided the foundation for localization of symptoms
and therapeutic lesions were used as a treatment for brain diseases. New medications …

Neuromodulation trials for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have
yielded mixed results, and the optimal neuroanatomical target remains unclear. Here we …

Substance use disorders are associated with neuroimaging abnormalities, but results are
heterogeneous across studies and vary across substances, and the causal interpretation of …

Introduction Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising intervention
for late-life depression (LLD) but may have lower rates of response and remission owing to …

Background The traditional approach to studying the neurobiological mechanisms of brain
disorders and localizing brain function involves identifying brain abnormalities and …

Highlights•Cognitive flexibility depends on cognitive control (goal-directed
cognition).•Cognitive control networks (CCNs) in the brain support cognitive …

Retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a pathological process that occurs in various
blinding eye diseases and is often accompanied by anxiety and depression. However, the …

Exploring the causal relationship between focal brain lesions and post-stroke depression
(PSD) can provide therapeutic insights. However, a gap exists between causal and …

Lesion mapping studies allow us to evaluate the potential causal contribution of specific
brain areas to human cognition and complement other cognitive neuroscience methods, as …