Oxidative stress occurs through an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense mechanisms of cells. The eye is particularly …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common irreversible ocular disease
characterized by vision impairment among older people. Many risk factors are related to …

1. Methods Literature search timeframe: The references cited in the previous guidelines [1]
are not repeated here, except for some relevant publications, and only the previous …

Redox homeostasis is a delicate balancing act of maintaining appropriate levels of
antioxidant defense mechanisms and reactive oxidizing oxygen and nitrogen species. Any …

The significance of oxidative stress in the development of chronic neurodegenerative
diseases of the retina has become increasingly apparent in recent years. Reactive oxygen …

Inherited retinal degeneration (RD) leads to the impairment or loss of vision in millions of
individuals worldwide, most frequently due to the loss of photoreceptor (PR) cells. Animal …

Abstract Traditionally, ultraviolet light (100–400 nm) is considered an exogenous carcinogen
while visible light (400–780 nm) is deemed harmless. In this work, a LED irradiation system …

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the
neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and …

This work reviews concepts regarding oxidative stress and the mechanisms by which
endogenous and exogenous factors produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). It also surveys …

Natural visible light is an electromagnetic wave composed of a spectrum of monochromatic
wavelengths, each with a characteristic color. Photons are the basic units of light, and their …